anchor ice

Anchor ice forms if the seawater is below the freezing point of the river water.

Shallow tundra lakes may feature anchor ice with a specific behavior.

Anchor ice will generally form in fast-flowing rivers during periods of extreme cold.

Anchor ice (see above) grows freely from the sea-bed in high latitudes.

Anchor ice may also grow on animate or inanimate objects and lift them from the sea floor.

Organism accumulates anchor ice as it is bathed in supercooled water.

It is one of the rivers in Britain in which the phenomenon of anchor ice has been observed.

Antarctic anchor ice is perhaps one of the most interesting phenomena of ice formation in the marine environment.

Anchor ice is thought to be relatively common in the Antarctic, due to large ice shelves that occupy many areas of the continental coast.

Ice platelets generally form very quickly in the water column and on submerged objects once conditions are optimal for anchor ice formation.

Anchor ice in rivers can seriously disrupt hydro-electric power plants by significantly reducing flow or stopping turbines completely.

In other cases the anchor ice becomes completely submerged into the meltwater and holes may be melted trhoughtout the ice sheet.

Especially in the Antarctic, anchor ice has been implicated in drastic zonation of the subtidal fauna.

Anchor ice in rivers tends to be composed of numerous small crystals adhering to each other in small flocculent masses.

Anchor ice crystals in the Antarctic are generally in the form of thin, circular platelets of 2-10cm in diameter.

Anchor ice sometimes develops on the seabed in shallow Antarctic waters due to the supercooling of water and the deposition of large ice crystals.

Anchor ice is defined by the World Meteorological Organization as "submerged ice attached or anchored to the bottom, irrespective of the nature of its formation."

Another form of anchor ice may be observed at the mouths of Arctic rivers where fresh water seeps out of the river bed into the ocean up through the sediment.

Large masses of irregularly-oriented crystals form anchor ice formations, which may be as large as 4m in diameter when attached to large immovable objects on the sea floor.

For some miles we went swiftly downstream, the cold being bitter and the slushy anchor ice choking the space between the boats; then the current grew sluggish, eddies forming along the sides.

Many animals are directly affected by the growth of anchor ice, and certain sponges have been shown to readily grow anchor ice and to be damaged by it.

Close inshore the sublittoral flora and fauna is often disrupted by the formation of anchor ice, which grows on the sea-bed as heat is withdrawn from the land during the coldest months.

Anchor ice may be formed in the shallow intertidal or subtidal during storms in cold weather, when the uppermost layers of the water column are churned up by strong winds or waves.

The anchor ice was running thick in the river, and we spent the first hour or two after sunrise in hunting over the frozen swamp bottom for white-tail deer, of which there were many tracks; but we saw nothing.

Anchor ice accumulations, being less dense than sea water, break away from time to time and rise to the surface, carrying with them entrapped and frozen plants and animals, which gather in layers under the inshore floes.